两种对知识性质争论相信知识是社会构造的和相信知识有其客观真实性的一方对心智活动、理论思考和知识学科的描述，会对知识的本质理解产生影响。根据第三段声称知识有客观基础的看法认为：没有这种信念，物质现实将无从捉摸，我们也无法开发“为现代社会所根基的技术”。因而这个看法认为知识是人们对于世界的解释。根据第四段，一种观念认为，知识和价值观是社会构建的。根据最后一段，研究表明两种对知识的观点都部分地正确
题目：
Passage One
The history of twentieth-century intellectual life is written largely in terms of the disputes between those who believed that knowledge is a social construct and those who believed it has a foundation in objective reality. Both sides of this debate have something immensely important to offer. For without the idea that knowledge is rooted in objective reality, we lose the capacity to critique and transcend our current social and cultural frameworks. Without the idea that knowledge and its value are socially constructed, we lose the ability to challenge oppressive power relations and to work for social change. We desperately need to take sides: our lives and communities depend on it. But we also need to realize that both claims drive their strength from an element of truth, and that we will not really progress by defending one at the expense of the other.
The claim that knowledge has an objective foundation is grounded in the belief that the material world operates according to certain consistent principles. Without such a belief, it would be impossible to predict the behavior of objects or to develop the technology that underpins modern society. According to this tradition, knowledge is a discipline that imposes order upon natural phenomena. More significantly, it is a system of beliefs that accords with the way things really are. As such, knowledge is a necessary and unchanging foundation for human inquiry, the vessel in which all information is contained and from which all truth will eventually be revealed.
The alternative conviction holds that knowledge and value are socially constructed. The development and legitimation of knowledge is a social process that is powerfully influenced by social relations and political struggles. According to this view, knowledge emerges in specific social contexts and embodies the values, interests, and biases of the people and institutions involved in its creation. As such, what is considered "true" or "rational" is not a privileged insight but a reflection of the perspectives and experiences of particular groups of people.
Research suggests that both perspectives on knowledge are partly correct. It is certainly true that knowledge of the world depends on cognitive processes that are deeply rooted in our biology and that shape our experience of the world in fundamental ways. It is also true that knowledge is subject to contextual and social influences. The acquisition and transmission of knowledge depend on cultural practices, educational institutions, and political struggles. Knowledge is a social institution, as well as a personal capacity.
1. The disputes concerning the nature of knowledge referred to in the passage involve both theoretical and practical matters.
2. Those who believe that knowledge has an objective foundation essentially hold that knowledge is the product of human efforts to explain the world.
3. According to the perspective that knowledge is socially constructed, people can have privileged insight into what is considered true or rational.
4. Knowledge, according to the passage, grows out of organized efforts to make sense of the material world and is influenced by social, cultural, and historical contexts.
解析：
1. 选A。两种对知识性质争论相信知识是社会构造的和相信知识有其客观真实性的一方对心智活动、理论思考和知识学科的描述，会对知识的本质理解产生影响。
2. 选C。根据第三段 声称知识有客观基础的看法认为：没有这种信念，物质现实将无从捉摸，我们也无法开发“为现代社会所根基的技术”。因而这个看法认为知识是人们对于世界的解释。
3. 选B。根据第四段，一种观念认为，知识和价值观是社会构建的。所以，在这个观念的人看来："真"或"理性"的观念不是特权的洞悉，而是反应了特定组人物的观点和经验。
4. 选D。根据最后一段，研究表明两种对知识的观点都部分地正确。世界的知识取决于在我们的生物和基本经验中根深蒂固的认知过程。同时也会被文化背景、教育机构和政治斗争的影响。知识既是社会制度又是个人能力。
